List of Banks in the Caribbean

List of Banks in Jamaica

Jamaica  is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length and as much as 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, amounting to 11,100 square kilometres (4,300 sq mi). It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harboring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water", or the "Land of Springs".

Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, in 1655 it became an English, and later a British colony, known as "Jamaica". It achieved full independence in 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State. Kingston is the largest city in Jamaica and the country's capital.
 

The Minister of Finance granted a Commercial Banking Licence to PanCaribbeanBank Limited, (formerly Pan Caribbean Merchant Bank Limited), with effect from 23 June 2008. Consequently, the Merchant Banking Licence previously issued to Pan Caribbean Merchant Bank Limited under the Financial Institutions Act, was surrendered.
 

Merchant Banks


INSTITUTIONS OPERATING UNDER THE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. ACT, 31 August 2010

Name Address
Capital & Credit Merchant Bank Limited 6-8 Grenada Way
Kingston 5

Tel: (876) 960-1379-80
Website: www.capital-credit.com
Scotia DBG Merchant Bank Limited 1B Holborn Road
Kingston 10

Tel: (876) 960-6699/700-2
Website (Parent Company): www.mydbg.com
MF&G Trust & Finance Limited 21 East Street
Kingston

Tel. (876) 922-5860-8
Email: mfgtrustfin@cwjamaica.com
 

BUILDING SOCIETIES OPERATING IN JAMAICA AS AT 31 August 2010

Name Address
FirstCaribbean International Building Society 23-27 Knutsford Boulevard
Kingston 5 Tel: (876) 929-9310/6
960-8408
Fax: (876) 929-7751
Website: www.firstcaribbeanbank.com
Jamaica National Building Society 2-4 Constant Spring Road
Kingston 10 Tel: (876) 926-1344-6
926-8285
Fax: (876) 968-6596
Website: www.jnbs.com
The Scotia Jamaica Building Society 95 Harbour Street
Kingston Tel: (876) 922-3600/3/4
Fax: (876) 922-3253
Website: www.scotiabank.com.jm
Victoria Mutual Building Society 73 Half-Way-Tree Road
Kingston 10Tel: (876) 926-4630
754-862
Fax: (876) 968-1762
Website: www.vmbs.com
 

Jaimaca Central Bank:

The Bank of Jamaica, established by the Bank of Jamaica Law (1960), began operations in May 1961, terminating the Currency Board System which had been in existence from 1939. The establishment of the Central Bank was in recognition of the need for an appropriately regulated financial structure to encourage the development process, particularly as Jamaica was about to embark on the road to political independence.

What is the Bank Of Jamaica?
A The Bank of Jamaica is Jamaica's central bank. Its role is outlined in the Bank of Jamaica Act 1960.
The Bank has three main functions. These are:

formulating and implementing monetary policy to maintain price stability;
ensuring the maintenance of a sound and efficient financial system; and
meeting the currency needs of the public.


When was the Bank OfJamaica established?
A The Bank was established in October 1960 by the Bank of Jamaica Law.
and opened for business on 01 May 1961.


Can I invest money with the Bank of Jamaica?
A Yes, but this has to be done through the group of primary dealers.


Is the Bank of Jamaica a department of government?
A No, it is a statutory body, that is, it was created by an act of parliament that sets out, in broad terms, the mandate, powers and objective of the institution. The Bank is accountable to parliament through a minister of government.


Why does the country need a central bank?
A The Bank of Jamaica was established in 1960 to be the sole issuer of coins and notes and to facilitate the management of the country's financial system.


What exactly does the Bank of Jamaica do?
A The Bank of Jamaica is responsible for:
issuing coins and notes, ensuring that the currency is authentic and that there is an adequate supply to meet the demands of the public;
formulating and implementing monetary policy, that is, the measures taken by the Bank to influence the Jamaican economy by regulating the amount of money in circulation.
ensuring that the financial system is sound and operates efficiently;
managing the foreign reserves of the country; and
carrying out other activities that support the implementation of monetary policy and services to the government, banks and licensed financial institutions and the general public


Who is responsible for monetary policy?
A Bank of Jamaica is responsible for the day-to-day administration of
monetary policy in consultation with the Minister of Finance.


How does Monetary Policy work?
A Look under the section on monetary policy for information related to this
topic. topic.


What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy?
A Monetary policy refers to the measures taken by the Bank of Jamaica
to influence the economy by regulating the amount of money in circulation.
Fiscal policy refers to the measures taken by the government to influence the economy by increasing or decreasing public spending and taxes.



Who has responsibility for managing the Bank?
A The Board of Directors must ensure that the Bank is properly managed.
The Bank of Jamaica Act Part II 6(1) says that the Board of Directors shall be responsible for the policy and general administration of the affairs of the Bank.



Who appoints the members of the Board?
A The members of the Board are appointed by the Minister of Finance.
The Board of Directors includes the Governor, who is the Chairman, the Senior Deputy Governor, the Financial Secretary and six other directors all appointed by the Minister of Finance.



Who can be appointed to the Board?
A The Bank of Jamaica Act states that the following categories of persons may not
be appointed to the Board:
a member of either House of Parliament;
a director, officer or employee of any commercial bank or any specified financial institution;
a member of the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation or of any Parish Council.


What is the role of the Board of Directors?
A The Board of Directors must ensure that the Bank is properly managed.
The Bank of Jamaica Act Part II 6(1) says that the Board of Directors shall be responsible for the policy and general administration of the affairs of the Bank.



Are the directors paid?
A The Bank of Jamaica Act says , "There shall be paid to the Governor and the other directors such remuneration, if any (whether by way of salaries or traveling or other allowances), as the Minister may determine.


What is the role of the Governor of the Bank?
A The Governor of the Bank of Jamaica is the Chief Executive Officer of the Bank and in this capacity has full control and authority over the work and business of the Bank. He is also chairman of the Board of Directors.


How is the Governor appointed?
A The Governor is appointed by the Minister of Finance for a period not
Exceeding five years.


What is the term of office for the Governor
A The Governor's term of office shall not exceed five years, but he/she is
eligible for reappointment.


Can the Governor be dismissed from office?
A The Minister of Finance may terminate the appointment of the Governor if
such person :
becomes of unsound mind or becomes permanently unable to perform his functions by reason of ill health;
becomes bankrupt, or compounds with, or suspends payment to his creditors;
is convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment or to death;
is convicted of any offence involving dishonesty;
fails to carry out any of the functions conferred or imposed on him under the Bank of Jamaica Act.


Who is the Supervisor of Banks?
A The Governor of the Bank of Jamaica is the Supervisor of Banks.


If I have a complaint about a commercial bank, can I file a complaint with the Bank of Jamaica regarding that bank?
A Yes.You may contact the Financial Institutions Supervisory Division (FISD) at the Bank of Jamaica.


Where can I find a list of deposit-taking institutions in Jamaica?
A A list of licensed deposit-taking institutions, that is, commercial banks , merchant banks, and building societies may be found on the Bank of Jamaica's website: www.boj.org.jm.


Does the Bank of Jamaica supervise and regulate deposit-taking institutions in Jamaica?
A Yes.  Bank of Jamaica supervises and regulates deposit-taking institutions in Jamaica, that is, commercial banks, merchant banks and building societies.


Does the Bank of Jamaica offer deposit insurance?
A No. This is offered by the Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation (JDIC). (web site: www.jdic.org)


Can the Bank of Jamaica provide information on the market share of a bank?
A Yes. Bank of Jamaica publishes, on a quarterly basis, the assets and liabilities of commercial banks, licensees under the Financial Institutions Act as well as building societies. These reports are accessible from the Bank of Jamaica’s website at www.boj.org.jm/financial_data.php.


How can I tell if I have a counterfeit note?
A If there is any doubt about the authenticity of a note, look for the following security features: wide windowed thread; novel numbering (vertical and horizontal); intaglio printing on special paper; watermark (Doctor Bird with flower highlight); $500 - iridescent clubs on front left; $1 000 - large butterfly printed in gold ink).


What should I do if I have a counterfeit note?
A If you realise that you have a counterfeit note, you should keep the note, record details of the note and contact the nearest police station. If possible, you should provide the police with information about the person from whom you received the note.


Why wont the Bank of Jamaica reimburse a counterfeit note?
A The Bank of Jamaica, like all other central banks will not reimburse counterfeit notes, as this could encourage the counterfeiting of notes for the purpose of receiving reimbursement. The Bank would find it difficult to differentiate between someone who is trying to defraud the Bank and an innocent recipient. The Bank of Jamaica has no legal obligation to honour counterfeit notes. The Bank's legal obligation extends only to notes issued by the Bank of Jamaica.


Who makes our coins?
A The British Royal Mint is responsible for minting Jamaica's circulating
coins.


Who prints our bank notes?
A De La Rue Currency Ltd. in England has printed bank notes used in Jamaica since 1920.


Who decides which persons are featured on our banknotes?
A The Bank of Jamaica is responsible for the design of bank notes. However, final approval must be granted by the Minister of Finance. See the Currency Structure Policy which speaks to the categories of persons who can appear on our notes.


When did Jamaica change to a decimal system of currency?
A On 08 September 1969.


Will the BOJ accept old coins and bank notes?
A All currency issued by the Bank of Jamaica will be accepted for payment at face value. Some coins and notes which have been withdrawn or demonetised will not be accepted by business persons as they are no longer legal tender, but the BOJ will accept them.


Can I pay for goods and services with coins only? For example, can I pay my utility bill with just coins?
A The Bank of Jamaica Act Part IV Section 15 (1) sets out limits on a tender of payment in coin:
if made in coins, shall be legal tender for the payment of an amount not exceeding the face value of a maximum of fifty coins in any combination of denominations.<


If a coin is bent, can I still use it?
A If a coin is bent, mutilated or defaced or weighs less than it should, it
must not be accepted as legal tender.


If I have a mutilated bank note, will the Bank of Jamaica exchange it for a good note?
A According to the Bank of Jamaica Act, a person shall not be entitled to
recover from the Bank the value of any lost, stolen, mutilated or imperfect
note or coin. The circumstances in which, and the conditions and
limitations subject to which the value of lost, stolen, mutilated or imperfect
notes or coins may be refunded shall be within the absolute discretion of
the Bank.


Does the Bank of Jamaica supervise and regulate insurance companies, securities dealers, unit trusts, pension funds and mutual funds?
A No. These non-deposit taking financial institutions are supervised and regulated by the Financial Services Commission (FSC) (website: www.fscjamaica.org).



If I wanted to establish a commercial bank in Jamaica, how would I proceed?
A The Banking Act sets out the minimum requirements for establishing a commercial bank. Similarly, The Financial Institutions Act & The Bank of Jamaica Building Societies (Licenses) Regulations 1995 set out the minimum requirements for establishing a merchant bank and building society, respectively. Copies of the respective legislation can be downloaded from the Financial System section of the Bank of Jamaica’s website: www.boj.org.jm. For further information please contact the Financial Institutions Supervisory Division of the Bank of Jamaica. Copies of all legislation/regulations may be obtained, for a fee, from the Jamaica Printing Services (1992) Ltd., 77½ Duke Street, Kingston


If I hold a deposit account with a FINSAC intervened Bank that is no longer in operation, how do I get back my money from that bank?
A Bank of Jamaica can provide details as to the institution to which such deposits have been transferred.


If I wish to establish a non-deposit taking company for purposes of lending to the public, would such a company be subject to Bank of Jamaica regulation?
A No, provided the lending activities contemplated will not be in foreign currency. Only persons expressly authorized by the Minister of Finance and Planning to undertake lending in foreign currency may undertake this activity.

Given the financial nature of money lending, this activity may be subject to regulatory oversight by the Ministry of Finance. Persons intending to undertake this activity should also be guided by the requirements of the Money Lending Act.


Does the Bank of Jamaica regulate and supervise investment clubs, pyramids, and other such financial schemes?
A These are not licensed deposit-taking financial institutions. Such activities, if when undertaken, comprise banking type products and banking services, will amount to breaches of the Banking Act, the Financial Institutions Act, the Building Societies Act or (if foreign currency is involved) the Bank of Jamaica Act.



Are interest rates/fees charged by commercial banks and other licensed deposit-taking institutions regulated by the Bank of Jamaica?
A No. Interest rates and fees are currently determined by the market Bank of Jamaica does however have the power under the Bank of Jamaica Act to prescribe the maximum or minimum interest rates that may be charged or paid by commercial banks and other licensed deposit-taking institutions.



How do you calculate capital adequacy ratios for commercial banks/merchant banks/building societies?
A Capital adequacy determination in relation to deposit-taking institutions is based on:

i)the stipulated minimum capital requirements in law as follows:

commercial banks - section 6 of the Banking Act
merchant banks - section 6 of the Financial Institutions Act; and
building societies - paragraph 7 of the Bank of Jamaica (Building Societies) Regulations (amended 2004); and
ii)specific capital adequacy ratios, computation details of which are set out in the Banking (Capital Adequacy) Regulations and the Financial Institutions (Capital Adequacy) Regulations.


Copies of all legislation/regulations may be obtained for a fee from the Jamaica Printing Services (1992) Ltd., 77.5; Duke Street, Kingston.


Are customers of a commercial bank required to disclose the reason/purpose for withdrawals from their accounts?
A No. The present banking statutes, as well as existing Bank of Jamaica guidelines, do not require customers of a commercial bank or any other deposit-taking institution, to disclose the reason for withdrawals from their accounts.



Are customers of a commercial bank required to disclose the source of funds to be deposited to their accounts?
A Yes. Under the Bank of Jamaica's AML/CFT Guidance Notes and pursuant to the Money Laundering Act (MLA) that mandates the implementation of regulatory controls to prevent money laundering, banks are required to request from the customer specific information relating to the source of those funds.



Where can I obtain a copy of the audited financial statements of a commercial bank, merchant bank or building society?
A Persons should contact either individual institutions or the Office of the Registrar of Companies, 1 Grenada Way, Kingston 5, to obtain copies of audited financial statements of these institutions.

Banks are also required by law to display, throughout each year, a copy of their latest audited balance sheet and profit and loss account in each place of business in Jamaica. In addition, they are required to publish these figures in at least one daily newspaper.


What is the difference between a commercial bank and a merchant bank?
A The main differences between a commercial bank and a merchant bank are:

i)commercial banks are able to offer chequing/current accounts while merchant banks cannot offer accounts that are repayable on demand or under 14 days notice by cheque; and

ii) the statutory minimum start-up capital for commercial banks is greater than that required for merchant banks.





Does BOJ supervise Credit Unions?
A The Minister of Finance has designated credit unions 'specified financial institutions' under the Bank of Jamaica Act, which currently enables the Bank to obtain information on their operations. Regulations to establish a formal supervisory framework for these entities have been drafted and subject to extensive discussion with the industry. Bank of Jamaica will assume full supervisory responsibility for credit unions when these Regulations have been finalized.



What happens to unclaimed deposits or other balances held at commercial banks/merchant banks/building societies?
A Where balances in deposit accounts held at commercial banks, merchant banks or building societies reflect no activity for a period of fifteen or more years, these funds by law become part of the revenues of the Government of Jamaica (GOJ).

Prior to the transfer to Government revenues, the Minister of Finance publishes a notice in the Jamaica Gazette and at least one daily newspaper detailing the relevant accounts and indicating that if no claim is made for the funds within a year, they shall become part of the revenues of the GOJ.

If within 15 years of becoming part of the Government&amp;rsquo;s revenues, an owner of such unclaimed funds is able to satisfactorily establish a claim to the funds to the Accountant General, such balances are repayable to the owner.


Does a customer have to repay his/her loan if it becomes non-performing (past due for 3 months or more) since the bank is required by law to cease taking interest to its Profit and Loss Account?
A Yes. A customer's contractual obligation to repay a loan (principal and interest) under their loan agreement with a bank is not affected by legal/central bank requirements pertaining to the bank's accounting treatment of any uncollected principal and interest that is due.



Who owns the bank of jamaica? does it have shareholders?
A The Bank of Jamaica does not have shareholders. It is wholly owned by the Government of Jamaica. The Bank's authorized share capital of J$4 million has been subscribed and fully paid up by the Government.

Source: http://www.boj.org.jm Bank of Jamaica

 History of Jamaica
The Arawak and Taino indigenous people originating from South America settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494 there were over 200 villages ruled by caciques (chiefs of villages). The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Tainos were still inhabiting Jamaica when the English took control of the island. The Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawaks.

Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494. Columbus' probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay. St. Ann's Bay was the "Saint Gloria" of Columbus who first sighted Jamaica at this point. One mile west of St. Ann's Bay is the site of the first Spanish settlement on the island, Sevilla, which was abandoned in 1554 because of numerous pirate raids.

The capital was moved to Spanish Town, now located in the parish of St. Catherine, as early as 1534. It was then called "Villa de la Vega". Spanish Town has the oldest Cathedral in the British colonies. The Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. However, it was not until 1655 that, at Tower Isle, the English took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica. The Spaniard Don Cortez Arnoldo de Yassi kept Tower Hill (the site of Tower Isle) from the English for five years, before escaping to Cuba. The site of his departure was fittingly called "Runaway Bay", which is also in St. Ann. The name of Montego Bay, the capital of the parish of St. James, was derived from the Spanish name manteca bahía (or Bay of Lard) for the large quantity of boar used for the lard-making industry.


Henry Morgan was a famous Caribbean pirate and privateer who had arrived in the West Indies as an indentured servant, like many of the early settlers.The English Admiral William Penn (father of William Penn of Pennsylvania) and General Robert Venables seized the island in 1655. In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 whites and some 1,500 blacks. As early as the 1670s, blacks formed a majority of the population.

When the English captured Jamaica in 1655 the Spanish colonists fled leaving a large number of African slaves. Rather than be re-enslaved by the English, they escaped into the hilly, mountainous regions of the island, joining those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live with the Taínos. These runaway slaves, who became known as the Jamaican Maroons, fought the British during the 18th century. The name is still used today for their modern descendants. During the long years of slavery Maroons established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, maintaining their freedom and independence for generations.

During its first 200 years of British rule, Jamaica became one of the world's leading sugar-exporting, slave-dependent nations, producing more than 77,000 tons of sugar annually between 1820 and 1824. After the abolition of the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in 1807, the British imported Indian and Chinese workers as indentured servants to supplement the labour pool. Descendants of indentured servants of Indian and Chinese origin continue to reside in Jamaica today.

By the beginning of the 19th century, Jamaica's heavy reliance on slavery resulted in blacks (Africans) outnumbering whites (Europeans) by a ratio of almost 20 to 1. Even though England had outlawed the importation of slaves, some were still smuggled into the colonies. The British government drew-up laws regimenting the abolition of slavery, but they also included instructions for the improvement of the slaves' way of life. These instructions included a ban of the use of whips in the field, a ban on the flogging of women, notification that slaves were to be allowed religious instruction, a requirement that slaves be given an extra free day during the week when they could sell their produce as well as a ban of Sunday markets.


Map of JamaicaIn Jamaica, however, these measures were resisted by the House of Assembly. The Assembly claimed that the slaves were content and objected to Parliament's interference in island affairs, although many slave owners feared possible revolts. Following a series of rebellions and changing attitudes in Great Britain, the nation formally abolished slavery in 1834, with full emancipation from chattel slavery declared in 1838. The population in 1834 was 371,070 of whom 15,000 were white, 5,000 free black, 40,000 ‘coloured’ or mixed race, and 311,070 slaves.

In the 1800s, the British established a number of botanical gardens. These included the Castleton Garden, set up in 1862 to replace the Bath Garden (created in 1779) which was subject to flooding. Bath Garden was the site for planting breadfruit brought to Jamaica from the Pacific by Captain William Bligh. Other gardens were the Cinchona Plantation founded in 1868 and the Hope Garden founded in 1874. In 1872, Kingston became the island's capital.

In 1945, Sir Horace Hector Hearne became Chief Justice and Keeper of the Records in Jamaica. He headed the Supreme Court, Kingston between 1945 and 1950/1951. He then moved to Kenya where he was appointed Chief Justice.


Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley and his wife with US president Jimmy Carter in 1977.Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom and in 1958, it became a province in the Federation of the West Indies, a federation among the British West Indies. Jamaica attained full independence by leaving the federation in 1962.

Strong economic growth, averaging approximately 6% per annum, marked the first ten years of independence under conservative governments which were led successively by Prime Ministers Alexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer. The growth was fueled by strong investments in bauxite/alumina, tourism, manufacturing industry and, to a lesser extent, the agricultural sector.

However, the optimism of the first decade was accompanied by a growing sense of inequality, and a sense that the benefits of growth were not being experienced by the urban poor. This, combined with the effects of a slowdown in the global economy in 1970, prompted the electorate to change government, electing the PNP (People's National Party) in 1972. However, despite efforts to create more socially equitable policies in education and health, Jamaica continued to lag economically, with its gross national product having fallen in 1980 to some 25% below the 1972 level. Rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fiscal deficits, resulted in the invitation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) financing from the United States and others, and the imposition of IMF austerity measures (with a greater than 25% interest rate per year).

Economic deterioration continued into the mid-1980s, exacerbated by a number of factors; the first and third largest alumina producers, Alpart and Alcoa closed, and there was a significant reduction in production by the second largest producer, Alcan. In addition, tourism decreased and Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. left the Jamaican industry.

== Governmedcjnfefne achieving a 33 – 27 seat victory over Portia Simpson-Miller and the PNP in the 2007 Jamaican general election. Portia Simpson-Miller conceded defeat on 5 September 2007. On 11 September 2007, after being sworn in by Governor-General Kenneth Hall, The Hon. Bruce Golding assumed office as Prime Minister of Jamaica.

Jamaica has traditionally had a two-party system, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). However, over the past decade a new political party called the National Democratic Movement (NDM) emerged in an attempt to challenge the two-party system, though it has become largely irrelevant in this system, as it garnered only 540 votes of the over 800,000 votes cast in the 3 September elections. Jamaica is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

Military - Jamaica Defence Force

Jamaican Defence ForceThe Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the small but professional military force of Jamaica. The JDF is based on the British military model with organisation, training, weapons and traditions closely aligned with Commonwealth realms. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending on which arm of service they are selected for. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot, Newcastle or Up Park Camp, both in St. Andrew. As with the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. Additional military schools are available for speciality training in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.

The JDF is directly descended from the British West India Regiment formed during the colonial era. The West India Regiment was used extensively by the British Empire in policing the empire from 1795 to 1926. Other units in the JDF heritage include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in World War II. The West Indies Regiment was reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation. The dissolution of the Federation resulted in the establishment of the JDF.

The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). The Coast Guard is divided between seagoing crews and support crews. It conducts maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations. The support battalion contains a Military Police platoon as well as vehicle, armourers and supply units. The 1st Engineer Regiment provides military engineering support to the JDF. The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF Commander, Command Staff as well as Intelligence, Judge Advocate office, Administrative and Procurement sections.

In recent years the JDF has been called on to assist the nation's police, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In early 2005, an Opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. This has not garnered support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens.

 Geography of Jamaica

Doctor's Cave Beach Club is a popular destination in Montego Bay.
The picturesque Dunn's River Falls in Ocho Ríos.Jamaica is the third largest island and the fourth largest country in the Caribbean. The island is home to the Blue Mountains inland and is surrounded by a narrow coastal plain. Most major towns and cities are located on the coast. Chief towns and cities include the capital Kingston, Portmore, Spanish Town, Mandeville, Ocho Ríos, Port Antonio, Negril, and Montego Bay. The Kingston Harbour is one of the largest natural harbours in the world. There are several tourist attractions scattered across the country, including Dunn's River Falls in St. Ann, YS Falls in St. Elizabeth, the Blue Lagoon in Portland, and Port Royal, which was the site of an earthquake that helped form the island's Palisadoes.

The climate in Jamaica is tropical, with hot and humid weather, although higher inland regions are more temperate. Some regions on the south coast, such as the Liguanea Plain and the Pedro Plains, are relatively dry rain-shadow areas. Jamaica lies in the hurricane belt of the Atlantic Ocean; as a result, the island sometimes experiences significant storm damage. Hurricanes Charlie and Gilbert hit Jamaica directly in 1951 and 1988, respectively, causing major damage and many deaths. In the 2000s, hurricanes Ivan, Dean, and Gustav also brought severe weather to the island.

 Demographics of Jamaica
Ethnic origins
According to the 2001 census, Jamaica's population mainly consists of people of African descent (referring to those who have origins mainly from Africa) and stands at about 2.5 million. There is also a sizeable population of multiracial Jamaicans. Jamaicans of Indian and Chinese ancestry, the largest minority groups, total 160,000. Lebanese, Syrian, English, Scottish, Irish, and German Jamaicans make up around 3,000–4,000 people. In recent years, immigration has increased, coming mainly from China, Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, and other Latin American countries; 20,000 Latin Americans currently reside in Jamaica. About 7,000 Americans also reside in Jamaica.

 Jamaican Patois and Jamaican English
The official language of Jamaica is English. Jamaicans primarily speak an English-African Creole language known as Jamaican Patois, which has become known widely through the spread of Reggae music.

Emigration - Jamaican diaspora
Many Jamaicans have emigrated to other countries, especially to the United Kingdom, the United States, and to Canada. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence. The great number of Jamaicans living abroad has become known as the Jamaican diaspora. There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to Cuba. The scale of emigration has been widespread and similar to other Caribbean entities such as Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. It is estimated that up to 2.5 million Jamaicans and Jamaican descendants live abroad. An estimated 60% of the highly educated people of Jamaica now live abroad.

Concentrations of expatriate Jamaicans are large in a number of cities in the United States, including New York City, Buffalo, the Miami metro area, Atlanta, Chicago, Orlando, Tampa, Washington, D.C, Philadelphia, Hartford, Providence and Los Angeles. Jamaicans in the United Kingdom number an estimated 800,000 making them by far the country's largest African-Caribbean group. Large scale migration from Jamaica to the UK occurred primarily in the 1950s and 1960s (when the country was still under British rule), nowadays Jamaican communities exist in most large UK cities. In Canada, the Jamaican population is centred in Toronto, and there are smaller communities in cities such as Hamilton, Montreal, Vancouver and Ottawa.

Crime in Jamaica
See also: Prisons in Jamaica
Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years, according to UN estimates. Some areas of Jamaica, particularly cities such as Kingston, experience high levels of crime and violence. Many Jamaicans are hostile toward LGBT and intersex people. Various mob attacks against gay people have been reported, prompting human-rights groups to call Jamaica "the most homophobic place on earth."

 Religion in Jamaica
Christianity is the largest religion practiced in Jamaica. According to the 2001 census, the country's largest denominations are the Church of God of Prophecy (24% of the population), Seventh-day Adventist Church (11%), Pentecostal (10%), Baptist (7%), Anglican (4%), Roman Catholic (2%), United Church (2%), Methodist (2%), Jehovah's Witnesses (2%), Moravian (1%) and Plymouth Brethren (1%) The Christian faith gained credibility as British Christian abolitionists and Baptists missionaries joined educated former slaves in the struggle against slavery.

The Rastafari movement had 24,020 adherents, according to the 2001 census. Other religions in Jamaica include the Bahá'í faith, which counts perhaps 8,000 adherents and 21 Local Spiritual Assemblies, Buddhism, and Hinduism. There is a small population of Jews, about 200, who describe themselves as Liberal-Conservative. The first Jews in Jamaica trace their roots back to early 15th century Spain and Portugal. Muslim groups in Jamaica claim 5,000 adherents.

Culture
Main article: Culture of Jamaica
Further information: Music of Jamaica, Cuisine of Jamaica, and Jamaican literature

Marcus Garvey, Father of the Back to Africa Movement and Jamaica's first National Hero.
Bob Marley, the most famous reggae artist from Jamaica.Though a small nation, Jamaican culture has a strong global presence. The musical genres reggae, ska, mento, rocksteady, dub, and, more recently, dancehall and ragga all originated in the island's vibrant, popular urban recording industry. Jamaica also played an important role in the development of punk rock, through reggae and ska. Reggae has also influenced American rap music, as they both share their roots as rhythmic, African styles of music. Some rappers, such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Heavy D, are of Jamaican descent. Internationally known reggae musician Bob Marley was also Jamaican.

Many other internationally known artists were born in Jamaica including Lee "Scratch" Perry, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Big Youth, Jimmy Cliff, Dennis Brown, Desmond Dekker, Beres Hammond, Beenie Man, Shaggy, Grace Jones, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, Sean Paul, I Wayne, Bounty Killer and many others. Band artist groups that came from Jamaica include Black Uhuru, Third World Band, Inner Circle, Chalice Reggae Band, Culture, Fab Five[disambiguation needed] and Morgan Heritage. The genre jungle emerged from London's Jamaican diaspora. The birth of hip-hop in New York City, New York also owed much to the city's Jamaican community.

Ian Fleming, who lived in Jamaica, repeatedly used the island as a setting in the James Bond novels, including Live and Let Die, Doctor No, For Your Eyes Only, The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy. In addition, James Bond uses a Jamaica-based cover in Casino Royale. So far, the only James Bond film adaption to have been set in Jamaica is Doctor No. Filming for the fictional island of San Monique in Live and Let Die, however, took place in Jamaica.

Journalist and author H. G. de Lisser (1878–1944) used his native country as the setting for his many novels. Born at Falmouth, de Lisser worked as a reporter for the Jamaica Times at a young age and in 1920 began publishing the magazine Planters' Punch. The White Witch of Rosehall is one of his better known novels. He was named Honorary President of the Jamaican Press Association, and worked throughout his professional career to promote the Jamaican sugar industry.

The American film Cocktail, starring Tom Cruise, is one of the more popular films to depict Jamaica. A look at delinquent youth in Jamaica is presented in the 1970s musical crime film The Harder They Come, starring Jimmy Cliff as a frustrated (and psychopathic) reggae musician who descends into a murderous crime spree. Another popular Jamaican-based film is the 1993 comedy Cool Runnings which is loosely based on the true story of Jamaica's first bobsled team trying to make it in the Winter Olympics.

Errol Flynn lived with his third wife Patrice Wymore in Port Antonio in the 1950s. He was responsible for developing tourism to this area, popularising raft trips down rivers on bamboo rafts.

The island is famous for its Jamaican jerk spice which forms a popular part of Jamaican cuisine. Jamaica is also home to Red Stripe beer and Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee.

National symbols
(From the Jamaica Information Service

National Bird — Doctor Bird (Red-billed Streamertail Hummingbird, Trochilus polytmus)
National Flower – Lignum vitae (Guiacum officinale)
National Tree — Blue Mahoe (Hibiscus talipariti elatum)
National Fruit — Ackee (Blighia sapida)
National Motto — "Out of Many, One People."
Sport
Main article: Sport in Jamaica
See also: Cricket in the West Indies and Athletics in Jamaica

Chris Gayle is smashing a sixSport is an integral part of national life in Jamaica and the island's athletes tend to perform to a standard well above what might ordinarily be expected of such a small country. While the most popular local sport is cricket, on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at Track and Field.

The country was one the venues of 2007 Cricket World Cup and West Indies cricket team is one of the only 10 ICC full member teams who participate in international Test Cricket. The Jamaica national cricket team competes regionally, and also provides players for the West Indies. Sabina Park is the only test venue here and Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny) is also used for cricket.

Since independence Jamaica has consistently produced world class athletes in track and field. In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age and most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions (most notably the VMBS Girls and Boys Athletics Championships) and international meets (most notably the Penn Relays). In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage.

Over the past 6 decades Jamaica has produced dozens of world class sprinters including most recently Usain Bolt, world record holder in the 100m for men at 9.58s, and 200m for men at 19.19s. Other noteworthy Jamaican sprinters include Arthur Wint--the first Jamaican Olympic Gold Medalist, Donald Quarrie--Olympic Champion and former 200m world record holder, Merlene Ottey, Delloreen Ennis-London, Shelly-Ann Fraser--the current World and Olympic 100m Champion, Kerron Stewart, Aleen Bailey, Juliet Cuthbert, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Sherone Simpson, Brigitte Foster-Hylton, Yohan Blake, Herb McKenley, George Rhoden--Olympic Gold Medalist, Deon Hemmings--Olympic Gold Medalist as well as former 100m world record holder and 2x 100m Olympic finalist and Gold medal winner in the mens 2008 Olympic 4x100m Asafa Powell.

Jamaica has also produced several world class amateur and professional boxers including Trevor Berbick and Mike McCallum. Second generation Jamaican athletes have continued to make a significant impact on the sport internationally, especially in the United Kingdom where the list of top British boxers born in Jamaica or of Jamaican parents includes Lloyd Honeyghan Chris Eubank, Audley Harrison, David Haye, Lennox Lewis and Frank Bruno.

Association football and horse-racing are other popular sports in Jamaica. The national football team qualified for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

The Jamaica national bobsled team was once a serious contender in the Winter Olympics, beating many well-established teams. There is a notable amount of golf in Jamaica, but it appears to be focused on the international tourism market.

Chess, and Basketball are widely played in Jamaica which are supported by the Jamaica Chess Federation (JCF), and the Jamaica Basketball Federation (JBF). Netball is also very popular on the island, with the National Netball Team called The Sunshine Girls consistently ranking in the top five in the world.

The Jamaican rugby league team is made up of players who play in Jamaica and 7 UK based players from professional and semi professional teams in the UK Their first international was a 37-22 loss to the USA Tomahawks in November 2009.Rugby league in Jamaica is growing with universities and high schools taking up the sport The JRLA Championship is the main rugby league competition in the country.

Education in Jamaica
The emancipation of the slaves heralded in the establishment of the Jamaican education system for the masses. Prior to emancipation there were few schools for educating locals. Many sent their children off to England to access quality education.

After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools. Most of these schools were established by the churches. This was the genesis of the modern Jamaican school system.

Presently the following categories of schools exist:

Early childhood – Basic, Infant and privately operated pre- school. Age cohort – 2 – 5 years.
Primary – Publicly and privately owned (Privately owned being called Preparatory Schools). Ages 5 – 12 years.
Secondary – Publicly and privately owned. Ages 12 – 18 years. The high schools in Jamaica may be either single-sex or co-educational institutions, and many schools follow the traditional English grammar school model used throughout the British West Indies.
Tertiary – Community Colleges, Teachers’ Colleges with The Mico Teachers' College(now The MICO University College) being the oldest founded in 1836,The Shortwood Teachers' College (which was once an all female teacher training institution), Vocational Training Centres, Colleges and Universities – Publicly and privately owned. There are five local universities namely: The University of the West Indies (Mona Campus); the University of Technology, Jamaica formerly The College of Art Science and Technology (CAST); the Northern Caribbean University formerly West Indies College; the University College of The Caribbean and the International University of the Caribbean.
Additionally, there are many community and teacher training colleges.

Education is free from the early childhood to secondary levels. There are also opportunities for those who cannot afford further education in the vocational arena through the Human Employment and Resource Training-National Training Agency (HEART Trust-NTA) programme[43] and through an extensive scholarship network for the various universities.

They are taught Spanish in school from primary school, about 40–45% of educated people in Jamaica knows some form of Spanish.

Economy of Jamaica

A beach in Negril with a hotel and restaurantJamaica is a mixed economy with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, and financial and insurance services. Tourism and mining are the leading earners of foreign exchange. However half the Jamaican economy relies desperately on services, with half of its income coming from services such as tourism. An estimated 1.3 million foreign tourists visit Jamaica every year.[44]

Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980s, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation. Since 1991, the government has followed a programme of economic liberalization and stabilization by removing exchange controls, floating the exchange rate, cutting tariffs, stabilising the Jamaican currency, reducing inflation and removing restrictions on foreign investment. Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalisation and reduction in the size of government. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through divestment and privatisation programmes.

The macroeconomic stabilisation programme introduced in 1991, which focused on tight fiscal and monetary policies, has contributed to a controlled reduction in the rate of inflation. The annual inflation rate has decreased from a high of 80.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 1998. inflation for FY1998/99 was 6.2% compared to 7.2% in the corresponding period in CUU1997/98. The Government of Jamaica remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners.

After a period of steady growth from 1985 to 1995, real GDP decreased by 1.8% and 2.4% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decrease in GDP in 1996 and 1997 was largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) that drastically reduced agricultural production. In 1997, nominal GDP was approximately J$220,556.2 million (US$6,198.9 million based on the average annual exchange rate of the period).


Fishing boats and bauxite cargo ships share the waterways near Alligator Pond, JamaicaThe economy in 1997 was marked by low levels of import growth, high levels of private capital inflows and relative stability in the foreign exchange market.

Recent economic performance shows the Jamaican economy is recovering. Agricultural production, an important engine of growth increased 15.3% in third quarter of 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997, signaling the first positive growth rate in the sector since January 1997. Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December, 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997. January's bauxite production recorded a 7.1% increase relative to January 1998 and continued expansion of alumina production through 2009 is planned by Alcoa.[45] Tourism, which is the largest foreign exchange earner, showed improvement as well. In the third quarter of 1998, growth in tourist arrivals accelerated with an overall increase of 8.5% in tourism earnings in 1998 when compared to the corresponding period in 1997. Jamaica's agricultural exports are sugar, bananas, coffee, rum,and yams.

Jamaica is the fifth largest exporter of bauxite in the world, behind Australia, China, Brazil and Guinea.

Jamaica has a wide variety of industrial and commercial activities. The aviation industry is able to perform most routine aircraft maintenance, except for heavy structural repairs. There is a considerable amount of technical support for transport and agricultural aviation. Jamaica has a considerable amount of industrial engineering, light manufacturing, including metal fabrication, metal roofing, and furniture manufacturing. Food and beverage processing, glassware manufacturing, computer software and data processing, printing and publishing, insurance underwriting, music and recording, and advanced education activities can be found in the larger urban areas. The Jamaican construction industry is entirely self-sufficient, with professional technical standards and guidance.[46]

Since the first quarter of 2006, the economy of Jamaica has undergone a period of staunch growth. With inflation for the 2006 calendar year down to 6.0% and unemployment down to 8.9%, the nominal GDP grew by an unprecedented 2.9%.[47] An investment programme in island transportation and utility infrastructure and gains in the tourism, mining, and service sectors all contributed this figure. All projections for 2007 show an even higher potential for economic growth with all estimates over 3.0% and hampered only by urban crime and public policies.

In 2006, Jamaica became part of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) as one of the pioneering members.

Infrastructure
Transport
Further information: Transport in Jamaica
The transport infrastructure in Jamaica consists of roadways, railways and air transport, with roadways forming the backbone of the island's internal transport system.

Roadways - Roads in Jamaica
The Jamaican road network consists of almost 13 049 miles (21,000 kilometres) of roads, of which over 9 321 miles (15,000 kilometres) is paved. The Jamaican Government has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of freeways, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of 21 miles (33 kilometres) of freeway.

Railways
Main article: Railways of Jamaica
Railways in Jamaica, as in many other countries, no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the 169 miles (272 kilometres) of railway found in Jamaica, only 35 miles (57 kilometres) remain in operation, currently used to transport bauxite.

Air transport
There are two international airports in Jamaica with modern terminals, long runways, and the navigational equipment required to accommodate the large jet aircraft used in modern and air travel: Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston and Sangster International Airport in the resort city of Montego Bay. Both airports are home to the country's national airline, Air Jamaica. In addition there are local commuter airports at Tinson Pen (Kingston), Port Antonio, Ocho Ríos, and Negril which cater to internal flights only. Many other small, rural centres are served by private fields on sugar estates or bauxite mines.

Ports, shipping and lighthouses
See also: Lighthouses in Jamaica
Owing to its location in the Caribbean Sea in the shipping lane to the Panama Canal and relative proximity to large markets in North America and emerging markets in Latin America, Jamaica receives high container traffic. The container terminal at the Port of Kingston has undergone large expansion in capacity in recent years to handle growth both already realised as well as that which is projected in coming years.[48] Montego Freeport in Montego Bay also handles a variety of cargo like (though more limited than) the Port of Kingston, mainly agricultural products.

There are several other ports positioned around the island, including Port Esquivel in St. Catherine (WINDALCO), Rocky Point in Clarendon, Port Kaiser in St. Elizabeth, Port Rhoades in Discovery Bay, Reynolds Pier in Ocho Rios, and Boundbrook Port in Port Antonio.

To aid the navigation of shipping, Jamaica operates nine lighthouses.

Energy
Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs.Many test sites have been explored for oil, but no commercially viable quantities have been found.[49] The most convenient sources of imported oil and motor fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) are from Mexico and Venezuela.

Jamaica's electrical power is produced by diesel (bunker oil) generators located in Old Harbour. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company – the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station, the Rockfort Power Station and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River.[50] A wind farm, owned by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, was established at Wigton, Manchester.

Jamaica imports approximately 80,000 barrels of oil energy products per day, including asphalt and lubrication products. Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation.

Jamaica produces enormous quantities of hydrous ethanol (5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none of it used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into anhydrous ethanol (0% water content), but the process appears to be uneconomic at this time and the facility remains idle.

Communication
Jamaica has a fully digital telephone communication system with a mobile penetration of over 95%.

The country’s three mobile operators – Cable and Wireless (marketed as LIME – Landline, Internet, Mobile and Entertainment), Digicel, and Oceanic Digital (operating as MiPhone and now known as Claro since late 2008) – have spent millions in network upgrade and expansion.Both Digicel and Oceanic Digital were granted licences in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent Cable and Wireless monopoly. Digicel opted for the more widely used GSM wireless system, while Oceanic opted for the CDMA standard. Cable and Wireless, which had begun with TDMA standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM, and currently utilises both standards on its network.

With wireless usage increasing, landlines supplied by Cable and Wireless have declined from just over half a million to roughly about three hundred thousand as of 2006. In a bid to grab more market share, Cable and Wireless recently launched a new land line service called HomeFone Prepaid that would allow customers to pay for minutes they use rather than pay a set monthly fee for service, much like prepaid wireless service.

A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, Flow Jamaica, recently laid a new submarine cable connecting Jamaica to the United States. This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four.

Two more licences were auctioned by the Jamaican government to provide mobile services on the island, including one that was previously owned by AT&T Wireless but never utilised, and one new licence.
 

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